Intangiriro
Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ugezweho ni kimwe mu bintu bigoye byagezweho mu buhanga mu mateka ya muntu, bikwira ku migabane yose kugira ngo bigere ku mashanyarazi ako kanya mu ngo, mu bucuruzi, no mu nganda. Nyamara, kubantu benshi barangiza - abakoresha, ibikorwa remezo binini bikomeza kutagaragara rwose kugeza igihe fagitire yingirakamaro ya buri kwezi igeze. Guhagarara ku masangano y'urusobe runini rutanga serivisi hamwe n'umutungo bwite w'umuguzi ni igikoresho kimwe, kidasebanya: metero y'amashanyarazi. Iki gikoresho gikora nk'igitabo cyemewe cyemewe cyumuyoboro wamashanyarazi, ucecetse kandi uhora winjiza urujya n'uruza rwa electron zitanga ubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi.
Amateka afatwa nkigisanduku cyirabura gusa gifatanye nurukuta rwinyuma, metero yamashanyarazi yagize ihinduka rikomeye ryikoranabuhanga mumyaka mike ishize. Icyatangiye nkibikoresho byoroheje byahinduwe byahindutse muburyo bukomeye bwo kubara bushobora gutumanaho uburyo bubiri - uburyo bwo gutumanaho, nyabyo - isesengura ryimbaraga zingufu, hamwe nibisobanuro birambuye byerekana ibicuruzwa. Gusobanukirwa imikorere yimbere nubushobozi bwo gupima iki gikoresho ntibikiri ingingo nziza gusa kubashinzwe amashanyarazi nabatekinisiye b'ingirakamaro. Mubihe byasobanuwe n’izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ingufu, imiterere y’ikirere ihindagurika, hamwe n’ikwirakwizwa ry’imikorere y’ingufu zishobora guturwa, kumenya neza inyuma ya metero yawe y’amashanyarazi ni ikintu cy’ibanze mu gusoma no kwandika. Mugushakisha uburyo ibyo bikoresho bikora no gushushanya ibipimo byihariye bakurikirana, abaguzi barashobora gufungura uburyo bwo kuzigama bwamafaranga, bagahindura imikorere yabo, kandi bakitabira neza ejo hazaza h’ingufu zirambye.
Ubwihindurize bwo gupima amashanyarazi: Kuva kuri Electromechanical to Digital
Kugira ngo dushimire byimazeyo ubuhanga bugezweho, umuntu agomba kubanza gusuzuma urufatiro rwamateka yashingiweho. Hafi yikinyejana, igipimo kidashidikanywaho cyo gupima ingufu ni metero yinjiza amashanyarazi. Yahimbwe mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda, iki gitangaza cya fiziki ya kera gishingiye ku buryo butangaje bwo gukanika ingufu. Imbere ya metero y'amashanyarazi, disiki ya aluminiyumu ishyizwe hagati ya electroniki ebyiri. Imashanyarazi imwe ihujwe na voltage itanga, itanga umurima wa magneti ugereranije na voltage ya sisitemu. Umuyagankuba wa kabiri uhujwe nu mutwaro uremereye, utanga umurima wa magneti ugereranije numuyagankuba utemba mumitungo.
Nkuko guhinduranya amashanyarazi anyura muri electromagneti, ikora impinduka za magneti zitera imbaraga za eddy muri disiki ya aluminium. Imikoranire hagati yiyi miyoboro ya eddy hamwe na magnetiki yumurima itanga urumuri kuri disiki, bigatuma izunguruka. Kuberako umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka wa disiki uhwanye neza nibicuruzwa bya voltage nubu, buri mpinduramatwara igereranya umubare wimbaraga zamashanyarazi zikoreshwa. Uku kuzunguruka kwimurwa binyuze murukurikirane rwibikoresho byanditse mubikoresho bya mashini, byerekana ingufu zose zikoreshwa ukoresheje umurongo wamasaha - nkumuhamagaro. Nubwo biramba bidasanzwe kandi birashobora gukora byizewe mubidukikije bikaze hanze mumyaka mirongo idafite ingufu ziva hanze, metero ya elegitoroniki ifite aho igarukira. Bakunda kwambara kumubiri, byoroshye kwanduzwa na magnetique, kandi ntibashobora rwose gukurikirana mugihe ingufu zakoreshejwe cyangwa gusesengura ubwiza bwimbaraga zinjira.
Imipaka ya sisitemu yubukanishi amaherezo yatumye ihinduka yerekeza kuri metero - za elegitoroniki ya leta. Kugaragara cyane mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya makumyabiri, metero za elegitoronike zavanyeho ibice byose byimuka, bisimbuza ibyuma na disiki zizunguruka hamwe n’ibice bya semiconductor neza. Aho kwishingikiriza ku muriro uterwa, metero y'amashanyarazi ikoresha ibyuma bifata ibyuma byabugenewe kugirango ikomeze itange urugero rw'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi hamwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi winjira mu kigo. Ibyo bimenyetso bisa noneho bihindurwamo murwego rwo hejuru - gukemura amakuru ya digitale ukoresheje analogi igezweho - kugeza - ihindura imibare. Microprocessor yabugenewe itunganya izi ngero za digitale inshuro ibihumbi nisegonda, ibara ikoreshwa ryingufu hamwe nurwego rwukuri metero yimashini idashobora kugeraho. Amakuru yabazwe noneho yerekanwa kumurongo wuzuye wamazi ya kirisiti kandi akabikwa mububiko bwa leta - butajegajega -, byemeza ko amakuru abikwa no mugihe umuriro wabuze.
Imipaka iriho ubu bwihindurize bwikoranabuhanga isobanurwa nogukoresha kwinshi kwa metero zubwenge, muburyo bwa tekiniki bita Advanced Metering Infrastructure sisitemu. Imetero yubwenge ifata imyubakire yibanze ya - metero ya elegitoroniki kandi igahuza uburyo bwitumanaho bwitumanaho. Aho gusaba umusomyi wa metero yumuntu gusura mumitungo buri kwezi kugirango yandike imibare yerekanwe, metero yumuriro wubwenge itanga amakuru yayo muburyo butanga serivisi mugihe gito, akenshi buri minota cumi n'itanu cyangwa mirongo itatu. Iri tumanaho rigerwaho hifashishijwe uburyo butandukanye bwikoranabuhanga butagira umugozi n’insinga, harimo imiyoboro ngendanwa, imiyoboro ya meshi ya radiyo, hamwe na sisitemu yo gutwara amashanyarazi aho amakuru yoherezwa mu buryo butaziguye ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi zisanzwe. Ubu buryo bubiri {5
Ibipimo by'ibanze: Ni ubuhe buryo bupima ibipimo by'amashanyarazi?
Kugirango usobanure neza amakuru yafashwe na metero y'amashanyarazi, birakenewe gusobanukirwa ibintu bitandukanye byamashanyarazi igikoresho gikurikirana. Ibipimo by'ibanze byapimwe na metero y'amashanyarazi iyo ari yo yose ni imbaraga zikora, nizo mbaraga nyazo zikoreshwa zikora akazi mumashanyarazi. Imbaraga zifatika zapimwe muri watts, kandi kubera ko ingo nubucuruzi bitwara ingufu nyinshi, ibikorwa byingirakamaro byerekana ibyo ukoresha muri kilowatt, bingana na watt igihumbi. Ariko, ibikorwa byingirakamaro ntabwo byishyura abakoresha bishingiye kububasha bwonyine; bishyuza bishingiye ku mbaraga, nimbaraga zigwizwa nigihe. Iyi mikoreshereze yuzuye igaragarira mu kilowatt -. Kurugero, niba ubucuruzi bukora sisitemu yo gushyushya kilowatt icumi - ubudahwema amasaha atatu, metero yamashanyarazi izajya ikoresha kilowatt mirongo itatu - yingufu. Ibipimo bigize ibipimo fatizo byo kwishyuza amashanyarazi bisanzwe kwisi yose.
Mubidukikije byubucuruzi ninganda, inzira yo gupima iba ingorabahizi cyane kuberako hariho imitwaro yinductive na capacitive, nka moteri nini yamashanyarazi, transformateur, nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki kabuhariwe. Ibi bikoresho bitangiza ibintu bizwi nkimbaraga zidasanzwe. Bitandukanye nimbaraga zikora, zikora imirimo yumubiri nkuguhindura umukandara wa convoyeur cyangwa kumurikira icyumba, imbaraga zidasanzwe zerekana imbaraga zibikwa byigihe gito kandi zikarekurwa nimirima ya magnetiki n amashanyarazi yibikoresho. Imbaraga zifatika zisubira inyuma hagati ya gride yingirakamaro nibikoresho byabakiriya bitakoreshejwe burundu. Izi mbaraga zitari - zapimwe muri volt - amperes reaction, cyangwa cyane cyane, kilovolt - amperes reaction. Nubwo imbaraga zidasanzwe zidakoreshwa muburyo busanzwe, utanga serivisi agomba gukomeza kubaka no kubungabunga ibikorwa remezo bishobora gutwara iyi miyoboro yinyongera, ishyira umutwaro winyongera kumirongo yohereza no guhindura.
Kugirango ubare umutwaro wose wamashanyarazi washyizwe kumurongo, metero zateye imbere zibara metero ya gatatu izwi nkimbaraga zigaragara. Imbaraga zigaragara ni imibare ihuza imbaraga zikora nimbaraga zidasanzwe, byerekana imbaraga zose zitangwa ningirakamaro kubikoresho. Ipimwa muri volt - amperes cyangwa kilovolt - amperes. Isano iri hagati yimbaraga zikora nimbaraga zigaragarira muburyo bukomeye bwo gukora bwitwa power factor. Imbaraga zingirakamaro ni igipimo kitagira urugero kibarwa mugabanye imbaraga zikora nimbaraga zigaragara. Imbaraga zingirakamaro zumuntu umwe bivuze ko ingufu zose zamashanyarazi zagejejwe kukigo zirimo guhinduka mubikorwa byingirakamaro. Imbaraga zo hasi zerekana ko umubare munini wingufu zidasanzwe zizenguruka muri sisitemu, guhatira akamaro ko gutanga amashanyarazi arenze ibikenewe cyane kugirango ukore akazi wifuza. Kubera ko ingufu nke zitesha agaciro imikorere ya gride, metero zamashanyarazi zigezweho zashyizwe mubucuruzi zikurikirana neza iri gereranya, kandi ibikorwa bisanzwe bitanga ibihano biremereye byamafaranga kubigo bitananirwa kugumana ingufu nziza.
Usibye gukurikirana ingano nubuziranenge bwingufu zamashanyarazi, metero zigezweho zahujwe cyane nibintu byigihe gito byo gukoresha ingufu. Ibi bigerwaho hifashishijwe gupima icyifuzo gikenewe nigihe - cya - gukoresha ibipimo. Isabwa ryinshi ryerekana igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukoresha ingufu zanditswe na metero mugihe gito kigufi, mubisanzwe idirishya ryiminota cumi nagatanu - muminota yo kwishyuza. Nubwo ubucuruzi bukoresha ingufu nkeya cyane mugihe cyukwezi, ubwiyongere bwigihe gito bwo gukoresha buterwa no gutangiza imashini nyinshi ziremereye icyarimwe birashobora gutuma abantu bakenera cyane. Ibikorwa bigomba gukomeza ibisekuru bihagije no gukwirakwiza ubushobozi bwo gukemura iyi mpinga ngufi, niyo mpamvu fagitire yubucuruzi akenshi ikubiyemo amafaranga menshi asabwa ashingiye kuri iki gisomwa kinini. Byongeye kandi, metero zubwenge zituma umwanya - ya - ukoreshe ibiciro, aho igiciro kuri kilowatt - isaha ihindagurika ukurikije igihe cyumunsi. Imetero itandukanya ibyakoreshejwe mu gitabo cyihariye kijyanye n'amasaha yo hejuru iyo umurongo wa gride ari mwinshi, ukava ku masaha ya - igihe cyo gukenera ari gito, n'amasaha y'igitugu iyo ibisabwa ari bike, bigatuma ibikorwa bifasha gukoresha amafaranga yo gushishikariza kubungabunga ibidukikije mu gihe kinini -.
Ubukanishi bwo Gukora: Uburyo Ibipimo Bitandukanye Kubara Imikoreshereze
Inzira y'imbere yemerera metero y'amashanyarazi guhindura amashanyarazi mabi mumibare yukuri yimari yishingikiriza kumyubakire yateye imbere cyane hamwe na algorithms yo gutunganya imibare. Intandaro ya metero iyo ari yo yose ya digitale cyangwa ifite ubwenge nibintu bigezweho na voltage sensing. Kugirango upime umuyaga neza kandi neza utabangamiye itangwa ryingufu, metero zikoresha ibice byabigenewe nka transformateur zubu, ibishishwa bya Rogowski, cyangwa - birwanya shunt birwanya. Impinduramatwara zigezweho zizenguruka amashanyarazi nyamukuru yinjira, zitanga umuyoboro wa kabiri ugereranije neza numuyoboro wibanze ariko wagabanutse cyane mubunini. Shunt résistants, muburyo bunyuranye, ishyirwa muburyo bwinzira yumuyaga, bituma metero igena igiteranyo cyose mugupima umunota wa voltage wamanutse hejuru yumurwanya ufite agaciro kazwi. Icyarimwe, ibice bya voltage bigabanya umurongo mwinshi wumurongo winjira kumurongo wumutekano, hasi - voltage ishobora gutunganywa byoroshye na electronics yimbere yimbere ya metero.
Iyo ibyo bipimo - hasi ya voltage hamwe nibimenyetso byubu byafashwe, byerekejwe kuri porogaramu - umuzunguruko wihariye wagenewe gupima ingufu. Iyi chip yihariye cyane irimo analogi nyinshi - kugeza kuri - ihinduranya rya digitale yerekana imbaraga za voltage na flim ya flake kuri radiyo ndende zidasanzwe, akenshi zirenga inshuro ibihumbi byinshi kumasegonda. Iki gipimo cyihuse cyicyitegererezo kirakenewe kugirango metero ifate inzira zose zigenda zihindagurika, harimo - kugoreka inshuro nyinshi hamwe n urusaku rwumvikana ruterwa numurongo wa elegitoroniki -. Microprocessor y'imbere noneho ikora imibare yo kugwiza imibare algorithms, kugwiza urugero rwumubyigano wintangarugero nicyitegererezo cyubu kugirango umenye imbaraga zikora ako kanya. Izi mbaraga zibarwa zahujwe mubiharuro mugihe cyo kuvugurura ingufu zumubare wabitswe muri metero yibitse imbere yimbere.
Mu miterere y'ingufu z'iki gihe, imikorere ya metero y'amashanyarazi igomba no kwakira amashanyarazi abiri. Hamwe na miliyoni zamazu nubucuruzi bishyiraho imirasire yizuba hejuru yizuba cyangwa amashanyarazi yumuyaga, abaguzi benshi bahindutse mubakora ibicuruzwa, ibintu bizwi mubikorwa byinganda. Iyo umutungo utanga amashanyarazi arenze ayo akoresha ubu, ingufu zirenze zisubira inyuma zinyuze muri metero y'amashanyarazi hanyuma zikajya mumashanyarazi rusange. Imashanyarazi igezweho ya digitale ikemura iki kintu ikoresheje uburyo bukomeye bwo gutangiza porogaramu izwi nka net metering. Aho kwiruka inyuma gusa nka metero yubukanishi ishaje, metero yubwenge ikomeza kwandikisha imbere, ifite umutekano muke kugirango yinjize ingufu zitumizwa mu mahanga, arizo mashanyarazi zikomoka kuri gride, hamwe n’ingufu zohereza mu mahanga, ari yo mashanyarazi isukuye yoherejwe kuri gride. Uku gutandukanya gutandukanya amakuru birinda uburiganya kandi byemeza ko ibikorwa byingirakamaro bishobora kuguriza abaguzi neza ukurikije amahame agenga ibiciro by’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu batanga ku baturage.
Porogaramu ifatika: Gusobanura amakuru yo gukora neza no kuzigama
Mugihe imyubakire ya tekiniki ya metero yamashanyarazi itangaje kuburyo budashidikanywaho, agaciro nyako k'igikoresho ni uburyo abaguzi bashobora gukoresha amakuru itanga kugirango bagere ku bikorwa bifatika, nyabyo - ku isi byunguka neza no kuzigama amafaranga. Kubakoresha benshi, intambwe yambere mugukingura agaciro ni kwiga uburyo bwo gutobora neza amazi ya kirisiti yerekana metero igezweho. Bitandukanye na moderi ya kera yubukanishi yerekanaga numero imwe ikomeza, metero ya digitale mubisanzwe ikora kumurongo wikurikiranya, ikazenguruka ikurikiranye ryamakuru atandukanye buri masegonda make. Buri ecran iherekejwe na kode isanzwe iranga, akenshi ikurikira sisitemu mpuzamahanga yo kumenya ibintu. Mugusobanukirwa aya ma code, uyikoresha ntashobora gusoma gusa igiteranyo cyuzuye kilowatt - amasaha ariko nanone nigihe cyigihe, itariki, nyabyo - igihe gikenewe muri kilowatts, urwego rwo kwishyuriraho, hamwe nibipimo byo gusuzuma. Kumenya amakosa yamakosa cyangwa amabendera ya tamper kuri iki cyerekezo birashobora kandi gufasha abashinzwe gucunga umutungo kumenya byihuse amakosa yumuriro wamashanyarazi cyangwa imikorere mibi yibikoresho mbere yuko byinjira mubihe bibi cyangwa kunanirwa gukabije.
Imwe mu nyungu zifatika zihuse zo gukorana na metero yumuriro wubwenge nubushobozi bwo kumenya no gukuraho fantom ingufu, nazo zizwi nkizitwara amashanyarazi. Ibikoresho byinshi bya elegitoroniki bigezweho, charger, sisitemu yimyidagaduro, hamwe nimashini zo mu biro bitwara ingufu nke z'amashanyarazi kabone niyo yazimye cyangwa igashyirwa mubitotsi. Umuntu ku giti cye, iyi mitwaro ni ntoya, ariko hamwe, irashobora kubara ijanisha ryinshi ryumutungo wibanze ukoresha. Mugushikira igihe nyacyo - igihe gikenewe kuri metero yumuriro w'amashanyarazi cyangwa gusuzuma amakuru yisaha yatanzwe binyuze kumurongo wingirakamaro mugihe umutungo utarimo abantu, nko mu gicuku, umuguzi arashobora gutandukanya ibyo kurya byibanze. Ubu bushishozi butuma abantu bahindura imikorere yibikorwa, nko gukoresha imirongo yububasha bwubwenge itandukanya burundu ingufu nibikoresho bya periferi mugihe bidakoreshejwe, gutwara neza imiyoboro yamashanyarazi ihoraho, itari - itanga umusaruro.
Byongeye kandi, gusobanukirwa byimazeyo ibipimo byapimwe bituma habaho imicungire yimikoreshereze yingirakamaro mu turere tugengwa nigihe - cyo gukoresha - gukoresha cyangwa gusaba - zishingiye ku biciro by’ibiciro. Kubikorwa byinganda nubucuruzi bunini bwubucuruzi, kugenzura igitabo gikenewe cyane kuri metero y'amashanyarazi nikintu gikomeye cyibikorwa. Mugushira mubikorwa umutwaro - kumena protocole cyangwa gutondekanya uburyo bwo gutangiza imashini ziremereye, abayobozi bashinzwe ibikorwa barashobora kwemeza ko ibikoresho byinshi byamashanyarazi - bidakorera icyarimwe, bigahindura imyirondoro yikigo kandi birinda amafaranga menshi asabwa. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abakoresha gutura barashobora gukoresha amakuru ya metero yubwenge kugirango bahindure ingufu nyinshi - imirimo ikomeye, nko gukoresha imashini yumuriro wamashanyarazi, kwishyuza ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, cyangwa gukoresha amazi ashyushya amazi, kure yidirishya rihenze ryingirakamaro ryerekanwa na metero ikora kandi mukamanuka - kumasaha yo hejuru. Ubu buryo bufatika ntibugabanya gusa amafaranga akoreshwa ku giti cye gusa ahubwo binafasha kugabanya ibibazo rusange ku bikorwa remezo rusange bya gride mugihe abaturage benshi bakeneye.
Umwanzuro
Imetero y'amashanyarazi yavuye mubikoresho byoroheje, byitaruye electro - ibikoresho byo gufata imashini bihindura ubwenge, bihujwe cyane nisesengura ryisesengura kuruhande rwibikorwa remezo bigezweho bya gride. Muri uru rugendo rwimbitse rwikoranabuhanga, intego yibanze yiki gikoresho yagumye yiziritse neza: guhindura ingendo zidasanzwe kandi zitagaragara zingufu zamashanyarazi mubipimo bisobanutse, byemezwa, kandi bikora. Uhereye ku bipimo fatizo byingufu zitera imbaraga kugeza kumurongo wambere wogukurikirana imbaraga zidasanzwe, imbaraga zigaragara, ibintu byingufu, nigihe - kashe ya mpinga ikenewe, metero igezweho itanga igishushanyo mbonera kidasanzwe cyerekana uburyo umutungo runaka ukorana numuyoboro mugari. Kwinjizamo ubushobozi bwo kumva ibyerekezo byombi byashimangiye uruhare rwa metero nkigikoresho cyingenzi cyo guhuza ingufu z’ingufu zishobora kwegerezwa abaturage, byorohereza guhanahana ingufu mu mucyo no mu mucyo hagati y’urusobe rw’ingirakamaro hamwe n’abashoramari ba kijyambere.
Ubwanyuma, ubushobozi nyabwo bwa metero yamashanyarazi bugerwaho mugihe abaguzi bahinduye kubantu bahabwa fagitire ya buri kwezi bahinduka ibikorwa, amakuru - bayobora abayobozi bintambwe zabo bwite. Ubutunzi bwamakuru yafashwe na sisitemu yo gupima igezweho itanga umucyo nyawo usabwa kugirango ukemure imikorere idahwitse, gukuraho imitwaro ya fantom, kugabanya ibihano bikenewe, no guhuza imikoreshereze yingufu nuburyo bwiza bwo kwishyura. Mu gihe urwego rw'ingufu ku isi rukomeje guhura na decarbonisation yihuse, kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage, no guhindura imibare, metero y'amashanyarazi izakomeza kuba umutungo w'ingirakamaro mu gushaka iterambere rirambye. Mugutanga umwanya wo gusobanukirwa nuburyo iki gikoresho gikora nicyo gipima neza, abantu ku giti cyabo ndetse n’inganda barashobora kugenzura byimazeyo imikoreshereze y’amashanyarazi, bikagira uruhare rutaziguye mu bihe biri imbere, bikora neza, ndetse n’ubukungu birambye.